Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Industry Outlook 2022: Overview, Opportunities, Key Companies and Forecast to 2028
- Category: Automobile & Transportation
- Published Date: Jan 2022
- Publisher: GRD Survey
- Pages: 134
Executive Summary
According to GRD Survey data, the global High-Performance Electric Vehicle market is estimated at 1240 million US$ in 2021 and is expected to reach 1770 million US$ by the end of 2028, growing at a CAGR of 5.2% in the forecast period between 2022 and 2028.
This report studies the High-Performance Electric Vehicle market dynamics from angles such as new entries, mergers and acquisitions, fundings, exit and major technology breakthroughs. Market performance is evaluated through market size (value and volume) by players, regions, product types and end industries. This report also studies the global market competition landscape, market drivers and trends, opportunities and challenges, risks and entry barriers, sales channels, distributors and Porter's Five Forces Analysis.
Geographically, this report is segmented into several key regions, with sales, revenue, market share and growth Rate of High-Performance Electric Vehicle in these regions, from 2016 to 2027, covering
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, UK, Italy, Spain and Russia, etc.)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, Southeast Asia, India, Australia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, etc.)
Middle East and Africa (Turkey, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, etc.)
Market Snapshot, By Product Type
Entry Level
SUV
Luxury
Market Snapshot, By Application
Home Use
Commercial Use
Main Market Players Analyzed in this report, including:
BMW
Volkswagen
Tesla Motors
NISSAN MOTOR
Hyundai Motor
Honda
General Motors
Ford Motor
Daimler
BYD
Audi
The study objectives of this report are:
To study and analyze the global High-Performance Electric Vehicle market size (value & volume) by company, key regions/countries, products and application, history data from 2016 to 2020, and forecast to 2027.
To understand industry structure of High-Performance Electric Vehicle market by identifying its various subsegments.
To share detailed information about the key factors influencing the growth of the market (growth potential, opportunities, drivers, industry-specific challenges and risks).
To identify the key global High-Performance Electric Vehicle manufacturers and regional typical players, to define, describe and analyze their sales volume, value, market share, market competition landscape, SWOT analysis and development plans in next few years.
To analyze the High-Performance Electric Vehicle market with respect to individual growth trends, future prospects, and their contribution to the total market.
To project the value and volume of High-Performance Electric Vehicle submarkets, with respect to key regions (along with their respective key countries).
To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market.
To strategically profile the key players and comprehensively analyze their growth strategies.
In this study, the years considered to estimate the market size of High-Performance Electric Vehicle are as follows:
History Year: 2016-2020
Base Year: 2020
Estimated Year: 2021
Forecast Year 2021 to 2027
This report includes the estimation of market size in terms of value (million USD) and volume from top-down approach by analyzing major submarkets and their major driving factors, and verified from bottom-up approaches. Key players in the market have been identified through secondary research, and their market shares have been determined through primary and secondary research. All percentage shares, splits, and breakdowns have been determined using secondary sources and verified from primary sources.
For the data information by region, company, type and application, 2020 is considered as the base year. Whenever data information was unavailable for the base year, the prior year has been considered.
Key Stakeholders Considered in the study:
Raw material vendors
Distributors/traders/wholesalers/suppliers
Regulatory authorities, including government agencies and NGO
Commercial research & development (R&D) institutions
Importers and exporters
Government organizations, research organizations, and consulting firms
Trade/Industrial associations
End-use industries
According to GRD Survey data, the global High-Performance Electric Vehicle market is estimated at 1240 million US$ in 2021 and is expected to reach 1770 million US$ by the end of 2028, growing at a CAGR of 5.2% in the forecast period between 2022 and 2028.
This report studies the High-Performance Electric Vehicle market dynamics from angles such as new entries, mergers and acquisitions, fundings, exit and major technology breakthroughs. Market performance is evaluated through market size (value and volume) by players, regions, product types and end industries. This report also studies the global market competition landscape, market drivers and trends, opportunities and challenges, risks and entry barriers, sales channels, distributors and Porter's Five Forces Analysis.
Geographically, this report is segmented into several key regions, with sales, revenue, market share and growth Rate of High-Performance Electric Vehicle in these regions, from 2016 to 2027, covering
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, UK, Italy, Spain and Russia, etc.)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, Southeast Asia, India, Australia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, etc.)
Middle East and Africa (Turkey, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, etc.)
Market Snapshot, By Product Type
Entry Level
SUV
Luxury
Market Snapshot, By Application
Home Use
Commercial Use
Main Market Players Analyzed in this report, including:
BMW
Volkswagen
Tesla Motors
NISSAN MOTOR
Hyundai Motor
Honda
General Motors
Ford Motor
Daimler
BYD
Audi
The study objectives of this report are:
To study and analyze the global High-Performance Electric Vehicle market size (value & volume) by company, key regions/countries, products and application, history data from 2016 to 2020, and forecast to 2027.
To understand industry structure of High-Performance Electric Vehicle market by identifying its various subsegments.
To share detailed information about the key factors influencing the growth of the market (growth potential, opportunities, drivers, industry-specific challenges and risks).
To identify the key global High-Performance Electric Vehicle manufacturers and regional typical players, to define, describe and analyze their sales volume, value, market share, market competition landscape, SWOT analysis and development plans in next few years.
To analyze the High-Performance Electric Vehicle market with respect to individual growth trends, future prospects, and their contribution to the total market.
To project the value and volume of High-Performance Electric Vehicle submarkets, with respect to key regions (along with their respective key countries).
To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market.
To strategically profile the key players and comprehensively analyze their growth strategies.
In this study, the years considered to estimate the market size of High-Performance Electric Vehicle are as follows:
History Year: 2016-2020
Base Year: 2020
Estimated Year: 2021
Forecast Year 2021 to 2027
This report includes the estimation of market size in terms of value (million USD) and volume from top-down approach by analyzing major submarkets and their major driving factors, and verified from bottom-up approaches. Key players in the market have been identified through secondary research, and their market shares have been determined through primary and secondary research. All percentage shares, splits, and breakdowns have been determined using secondary sources and verified from primary sources.
For the data information by region, company, type and application, 2020 is considered as the base year. Whenever data information was unavailable for the base year, the prior year has been considered.
Key Stakeholders Considered in the study:
Raw material vendors
Distributors/traders/wholesalers/suppliers
Regulatory authorities, including government agencies and NGO
Commercial research & development (R&D) institutions
Importers and exporters
Government organizations, research organizations, and consulting firms
Trade/Industrial associations
End-use industries
Table of Contents
1 Market Definition & Scope
1.1 Definition & Scope
1.2 High-Performance Electric Vehicle Product Specifications
1.3 Main Events (Entry, M&A, Exit, Technology and Capital Activity)
1.4 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Market Performance and Outlook
2 Market Development Performance under COVID-19
2.1 Influencing Factors of Industry Development in the Next Five Years
2.1.1 Drivers
2.1.2 Restraints
2.1.3 Opportunities
2.2 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
2.3 Comparison of Alternatives and High-Performance Electric Vehicle
3 Supply Chain and Manufacturing Cost Analysis
3.1 Supply Chain Analysis
3.2 Raw Materials and Key Suppliers Analysis
3.2.1 Raw Materials Introduction
3.2.1 Raw Materials Key Suppliers List
3.3 High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales Channel and Distributors Analysis
3.3.1 High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales Channel
3.3.2 High-Performance Electric Vehicle Distributors
3.4 Key Buying Industries/Consumers
3.4.1 Major Buyers in Home Use
3.4.2 Major Buyers in Commercial Use
3.5 High-Performance Electric Vehicle Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
4 Market Segment: by Type
4.1 High-Performance Electric Vehicle Type Introduction
4.1.1 Entry Level
4.1.2 SUV
4.1.3 Luxury
4.2 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales by Type 2016-2021
4.3 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Revenue by Type 2016-2021
4.4 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Price by Type 2016-2021
5 Market Segment: by Application
5.1 High-Performance Electric Vehicle Type Introduction
5.1.1 Home Use
5.1.2 Commercial Use
5.2 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales by Application 2016-2021
5.3 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Revenue by Application 2016-2021
5.4 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Price by Application 2016-2021
6 Marke Segment: by Region
6.1 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Market by Region
6.1.1 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales by Regions
6.1.2 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Revenue by Regions
6.2 North America High-Performance Electric Vehicle Market 2016-2021
6.3 Europe High-Performance Electric Vehicle Market 2016-2021
6.4 Asia Pacific High-Performance Electric Vehicle Market 2016-2021
6.5 South America High-Performance Electric Vehicle Market 2016-2021
6.6 Middle East and Africa High-Performance Electric Vehicle Market 2016-2021
7 North America
7.1 North America High-Performance Electric Vehicle Market by Country 2016-2021
7.1.1 North America High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales by Country
7.1.2 North America High-Performance Electric Vehicle Revenue by Country
7.2 United States
7.3 Canada
7.4 Mexico
8 Europe
8.1 Europe High-Performance Electric Vehicle Market by Country 2016-2021
8.1.1 Europe High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales by Country
8.1.2 Europe High-Performance Electric Vehicle Revenue by Country
8.2 Germany
8.3 France
8.4 UK
8.5 Italy
8.6 Russia
8.7 Spain
9 Asia Pacific
9.1 Asia Pacific High-Performance Electric Vehicle Market by Country 2016-2021
9.1.1 Asia Pacific High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales by Country
9.1.2 Asia Pacific High-Performance Electric Vehicle Revenue by Country
9.2 China
9.3 Japan
9.4 Korea
9.5 Southeast Asia
9.6 India
9.7 Australia
10 South America
10.1 South America High-Performance Electric Vehicle Market by Country 2016-2021
10.1.1 South America High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales by Country
10.1.2 South America High-Performance Electric Vehicle Revenue by Country
10.2 Brazil
10.3 Argentina
10.4 Colombia
11 Middle East and Africa
11.1 Middle East and Africa High-Performance Electric Vehicle Market by Country 2016-2021
11.1.1 Middle East and Africa High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales by Country
11.1.2 Middle East and Africa High-Performance Electric Vehicle Revenue by Country
11.2 Turkey
11.3 Saudi Arabia
11.4 South Africa
12 Key Participants Company Information
12.1 BMW
12.1.1 BMW
Company Information
12.1.2 BMW
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Product Portfolio, Specification and Application
12.1.3 BMW
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
12.1.4 BMW
Key Development
12.2 Volkswagen
12.2.1 Volkswagen
Company Information
12.2.2 Volkswagen
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Product Portfolio, Specification and Application
12.2.3 Volkswagen
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
12.2.4 Volkswagen
Key Development
12.3 Tesla Motors
12.3.1 Tesla Motors
Company Information
12.3.2 Tesla Motors
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Product Portfolio, Specification and Application
12.3.3 Tesla Motors
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
12.3.4 Tesla Motors
Key Development
12.4 NISSAN MOTOR
12.4.1 NISSAN MOTOR
Company Information
12.4.2 NISSAN MOTOR
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Product Portfolio, Specification and Application
12.4.3 NISSAN MOTOR
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
12.4.4 NISSAN MOTOR
Key Development
12.5 Hyundai Motor
12.5.1 Hyundai Motor
Company Information
12.5.2 Hyundai Motor
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Product Portfolio, Specification and Application
12.5.3 Hyundai Motor
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
12.5.4 Hyundai Motor
Key Development
12.6 Honda
12.6.1 Honda
Company Information
12.6.2 Honda
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Product Portfolio, Specification and Application
12.6.3 Honda
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
12.6.4 Honda
Key Development
12.7 General Motors
12.7.1 General Motors
Company Information
12.7.2 General Motors
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Product Portfolio, Specification and Application
12.7.3 General Motors
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
12.7.4 Honda
Key Development
12.9 Daimler
12.9.1 Daimler
Company Information
12.9.2 Daimler
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Product Portfolio, Specification and Application
12.9.3 Daimler
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
12.9.4 Daimler
Key Development
12.8 Ford Motor
12.8.1 Ford Motor
Company Information
12.8.2 Ford Motor
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Product Portfolio, Specification and Application
12.8.3 Ford Motor
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
12.8.4 Ford Motor
Key Development
12.11 Audi
12.11.1 Audi
Company Information
12.11.2 Audi
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Product Portfolio, Specification and Application
12.11.3 Audi
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
12.11.4 Audi
Key Development
13 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Market Forecast by Region by Type and by Application
13.1 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales, Revenue Forecast 2022-2027
13.2 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Forecast by Regions
13.2.1 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales Forecast by Region 2022-2027
13.2.2 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Revenue Forecast by Region 2022-2027
13.3 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Forecast by Type
13.3.1 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales Forecast by Type 2022-2027
13.3.2 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Revenue Forecast by Type 2022-2027
13.3.3 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Price Forecast by Type 2022-2027
13.4 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Forecast by Application
13.4.1 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales Forecast by Application 2022-2027
13.4.2 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Revenue Forecast by Application 2022-2027
13.4.3 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Price Forecast by Application 2022-2027
14 Analyst Views and Conclusions
15 Methodology and Data Source
15.1 Methodology
15.2 Research Data Source
15.2.1 Secondary Data
15.2.2 Primary Data
15.2.3 Market Size Estimation
15.3 Legal Disclaimer
1 Market Definition & Scope
1.1 Definition & Scope
1.2 High-Performance Electric Vehicle Product Specifications
1.3 Main Events (Entry, M&A, Exit, Technology and Capital Activity)
1.4 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Market Performance and Outlook
2 Market Development Performance under COVID-19
2.1 Influencing Factors of Industry Development in the Next Five Years
2.1.1 Drivers
2.1.2 Restraints
2.1.3 Opportunities
2.2 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
2.3 Comparison of Alternatives and High-Performance Electric Vehicle
3 Supply Chain and Manufacturing Cost Analysis
3.1 Supply Chain Analysis
3.2 Raw Materials and Key Suppliers Analysis
3.2.1 Raw Materials Introduction
3.2.1 Raw Materials Key Suppliers List
3.3 High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales Channel and Distributors Analysis
3.3.1 High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales Channel
3.3.2 High-Performance Electric Vehicle Distributors
3.4 Key Buying Industries/Consumers
3.4.1 Major Buyers in Home Use
3.4.2 Major Buyers in Commercial Use
3.5 High-Performance Electric Vehicle Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
4 Market Segment: by Type
4.1 High-Performance Electric Vehicle Type Introduction
4.1.1 Entry Level
4.1.2 SUV
4.1.3 Luxury
4.2 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales by Type 2016-2021
4.3 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Revenue by Type 2016-2021
4.4 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Price by Type 2016-2021
5 Market Segment: by Application
5.1 High-Performance Electric Vehicle Type Introduction
5.1.1 Home Use
5.1.2 Commercial Use
5.2 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales by Application 2016-2021
5.3 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Revenue by Application 2016-2021
5.4 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Price by Application 2016-2021
6 Marke Segment: by Region
6.1 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Market by Region
6.1.1 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales by Regions
6.1.2 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Revenue by Regions
6.2 North America High-Performance Electric Vehicle Market 2016-2021
6.3 Europe High-Performance Electric Vehicle Market 2016-2021
6.4 Asia Pacific High-Performance Electric Vehicle Market 2016-2021
6.5 South America High-Performance Electric Vehicle Market 2016-2021
6.6 Middle East and Africa High-Performance Electric Vehicle Market 2016-2021
7 North America
7.1 North America High-Performance Electric Vehicle Market by Country 2016-2021
7.1.1 North America High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales by Country
7.1.2 North America High-Performance Electric Vehicle Revenue by Country
7.2 United States
7.3 Canada
7.4 Mexico
8 Europe
8.1 Europe High-Performance Electric Vehicle Market by Country 2016-2021
8.1.1 Europe High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales by Country
8.1.2 Europe High-Performance Electric Vehicle Revenue by Country
8.2 Germany
8.3 France
8.4 UK
8.5 Italy
8.6 Russia
8.7 Spain
9 Asia Pacific
9.1 Asia Pacific High-Performance Electric Vehicle Market by Country 2016-2021
9.1.1 Asia Pacific High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales by Country
9.1.2 Asia Pacific High-Performance Electric Vehicle Revenue by Country
9.2 China
9.3 Japan
9.4 Korea
9.5 Southeast Asia
9.6 India
9.7 Australia
10 South America
10.1 South America High-Performance Electric Vehicle Market by Country 2016-2021
10.1.1 South America High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales by Country
10.1.2 South America High-Performance Electric Vehicle Revenue by Country
10.2 Brazil
10.3 Argentina
10.4 Colombia
11 Middle East and Africa
11.1 Middle East and Africa High-Performance Electric Vehicle Market by Country 2016-2021
11.1.1 Middle East and Africa High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales by Country
11.1.2 Middle East and Africa High-Performance Electric Vehicle Revenue by Country
11.2 Turkey
11.3 Saudi Arabia
11.4 South Africa
12 Key Participants Company Information
12.1 BMW
12.1.1 BMW
Company Information
12.1.2 BMW
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Product Portfolio, Specification and Application
12.1.3 BMW
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
12.1.4 BMW
Key Development
12.2 Volkswagen
12.2.1 Volkswagen
Company Information
12.2.2 Volkswagen
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Product Portfolio, Specification and Application
12.2.3 Volkswagen
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
12.2.4 Volkswagen
Key Development
12.3 Tesla Motors
12.3.1 Tesla Motors
Company Information
12.3.2 Tesla Motors
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Product Portfolio, Specification and Application
12.3.3 Tesla Motors
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
12.3.4 Tesla Motors
Key Development
12.4 NISSAN MOTOR
12.4.1 NISSAN MOTOR
Company Information
12.4.2 NISSAN MOTOR
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Product Portfolio, Specification and Application
12.4.3 NISSAN MOTOR
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
12.4.4 NISSAN MOTOR
Key Development
12.5 Hyundai Motor
12.5.1 Hyundai Motor
Company Information
12.5.2 Hyundai Motor
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Product Portfolio, Specification and Application
12.5.3 Hyundai Motor
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
12.5.4 Hyundai Motor
Key Development
12.6 Honda
12.6.1 Honda
Company Information
12.6.2 Honda
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Product Portfolio, Specification and Application
12.6.3 Honda
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
12.6.4 Honda
Key Development
12.7 General Motors
12.7.1 General Motors
Company Information
12.7.2 General Motors
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Product Portfolio, Specification and Application
12.7.3 General Motors
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
12.7.4 Honda
Key Development
12.9 Daimler
12.9.1 Daimler
Company Information
12.9.2 Daimler
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Product Portfolio, Specification and Application
12.9.3 Daimler
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
12.9.4 Daimler
Key Development
12.8 Ford Motor
12.8.1 Ford Motor
Company Information
12.8.2 Ford Motor
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Product Portfolio, Specification and Application
12.8.3 Ford Motor
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
12.8.4 Ford Motor
Key Development
12.11 Audi
12.11.1 Audi
Company Information
12.11.2 Audi
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Product Portfolio, Specification and Application
12.11.3 Audi
High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales, Price, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2021)
12.11.4 Audi
Key Development
13 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Market Forecast by Region by Type and by Application
13.1 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales, Revenue Forecast 2022-2027
13.2 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Forecast by Regions
13.2.1 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales Forecast by Region 2022-2027
13.2.2 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Revenue Forecast by Region 2022-2027
13.3 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Forecast by Type
13.3.1 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales Forecast by Type 2022-2027
13.3.2 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Revenue Forecast by Type 2022-2027
13.3.3 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Price Forecast by Type 2022-2027
13.4 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Forecast by Application
13.4.1 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Sales Forecast by Application 2022-2027
13.4.2 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Revenue Forecast by Application 2022-2027
13.4.3 Global High-Performance Electric Vehicle Price Forecast by Application 2022-2027
14 Analyst Views and Conclusions
15 Methodology and Data Source
15.1 Methodology
15.2 Research Data Source
15.2.1 Secondary Data
15.2.2 Primary Data
15.2.3 Market Size Estimation
15.3 Legal Disclaimer
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